Neuralink
Co-founder
Implantable brain–computer interfaces that have let paralysed people control computers with their thoughts.
neuralink.com21+ (2026)
Humans implanted
0
Serious adverse events
1,024
Electrodes per implant
Jan 2024
First human implant
Co-founded by Musk in 2016, Neuralink builds the N1 implant — a coin-sized device with 1,024 electrodes on 64 ultrafine threads placed in the motor cortex and read out wirelessly. Its near-term mission is to restore autonomy to people with paralysis, blindness and other conditions.
After FDA clearance in 2023, Neuralink performed its first human implant in January 2024 on Noland Arbaugh, paralysed from a diving accident; within weeks he was moving a cursor and playing chess by thought, later exceeding able-bodied cursor speeds. As of early 2026 at least 21 people have been implanted, all actively using their devices, with zero reported serious adverse device events.
Neuralink's Blindsight visual-cortex implant received an FDA "breakthrough device" designation in 2024, aiming to restore a form of sight to people who have lost both eyes and optic nerve. Trials are expanding across the US, Canada, UK and UAE.
Milestones
FDA approves first in-human clinical trial.
First human implant; participant controls a cursor by thought.
Blindsight vision implant gets FDA breakthrough designation.
Reaches 21 implants with zero serious adverse events.
Everything about Neuralink
Everything on ElonFacts about Neuralink — the N1 implant, the human trials, Blindsight, and the animal-welfare questions answered with sources.
Key metrics
Achievements (5)
Neuralink founded
Musk co-founds Neuralink to build high-bandwidth brain–machine interfaces that help people with paralysis and other conditions.
Neuralink’s first human implant
Neuralink implants its device in a human for the first time; the participant controls a cursor and plays chess by thought.
Neuralink scales up — and aims to restore sight
Neuralink expands to 21+ patients with zero serious adverse events and wins an FDA breakthrough designation for a vision implant.
Neuralink’s first implant outside the US
Surgeons at Toronto’s University Health Network perform Neuralink’s first brain-implant surgeries outside the United States, under the CAN-PRIME trial.
Neuralink’s “Telepathy” gives speech and control back to patients
Beyond its first patient, Neuralink’s “Telepathy” implant has let multiple paralysed and ALS patients control devices — and even communicate — by thought.
Myth busters (5)
Claim: Neuralink is pure hype and just animal cruelty.
Reality: Neuralink received FDA approval to begin human trials and, since January 2024, has implanted at least 21 people, all actively using their devices with zero reported serious adverse events; participants control cursors, type, play games and make digital art by thought. Its Blindsight vision implant earned an FDA "breakthrough device" designation. On animals: pre-clinical animal testing is a standard, FDA-required step before any high-risk implant reaches humans — every comparable medical device goes through it. Past Neuralink animal work did draw legitimate scrutiny and criticism over welfare, which is worth acknowledging honestly. But "just hype / just cruelty" ignores real, regulator-supervised human results that are giving paralysed people new independence.
Claim: Musk doesn’t actually work — he just tweets all day.
Reality: The output is hard to square with idleness. The same person simultaneously leads Tesla, SpaceX, xAI, Neuralink, The Boring Company and X — companies that in recent years landed and re-flew rockets hundreds of times, built the best-selling car on Earth, stood up a 100,000-GPU supercomputer in 122 days, and put a brain implant in 21 people. Colleagues across his companies describe punishing hours, deep technical involvement and a habit of sleeping at factories during crunch periods. Being highly active on X is real and consumes time — that's a fair critique of focus. But the notion that someone running this many simultaneously advancing hard-tech companies "doesn't work" isn't consistent with what those companies actually ship.
Claim: Neuralink tortured and killed monkeys in cruel, illegal experiments.
Reality: Animal deaths in Neuralink's research are real, and the welfare concerns are genuine. Records from UC Davis, obtained by the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, document monkeys that suffered serious complications and were euthanized, and reports cite roughly 1,500 animals used since 2018. Musk's flat claim that "no monkey has died as a result of a Neuralink implant" is contested — PCRM says records show implant-related euthanizations, and it asked the SEC to investigate. Those are fair, serious criticisms. The countervailing facts: invasive brain-implant research requires animal testing by FDA expectations, euthanasia of test subjects is standard preclinical practice, Neuralink says early subjects were already terminal or near end-of-life, and USDA inspections to date reported no Animal Welfare Act violations at Neuralink's own facilities. The honest verdict is mixed: animal deaths and a disputed Musk statement are real, but "tortured" is contested framing, and the program operates within the standard, regulated reality of preclinical medical research.
Claim: Musk is a serial over-promiser whose companies never actually ship what he announces.
Reality: The honest half is true: Musk routinely misses his own deadlines. He predicted a million robotaxis by 2020, full Self-Driving "next year" for years running, Starship to orbit in 2022 and a crewed Mars mission by 2024 — none on schedule. That's a real, documented pattern of optimistic timelines, and it's fair to discount his dates. But "never ship" is false. The products keep arriving, just late: SpaceX landed and reflew orbital boosters hundreds of times, Starlink serves millions, the Model Y became one of the best-selling cars on Earth, Tesla launched a paid robotaxi service in Austin in 2025, and Neuralink implanted its device in human patients. The pattern is "aggressive deadline, slips, but delivers a real product," not vaporware. The fair verdict is misleading: criticize the timelines all you want — they routinely slip — but the claim that the things he promises never materialize is contradicted by a long list of shipped, working products.
Claim: Neuralink is a privacy nightmare that will harvest and sell your brain data.
Reality: Neural-data privacy is a legitimate frontier issue and worth regulating proactively — that part is fair. But the specific claim is misleading because it presents a speculative dystopia as current reality. Today Neuralink is a small clinical-trial device implanted in a few dozen people with paralysis, operating under FDA oversight and informed-consent protocols; the data involved are motor-intent signals used to move a cursor, not a readout of private thoughts, and there is no evidence Neuralink is selling brain data. The “mind-reading surveillance” framing misunderstands the technology: decoding intended movement is a long way from extracting memories or thoughts. Reasonable people can demand strong neural-privacy laws and data-handling standards now, before such devices scale — but “Neuralink harvests and sells your brain data” describes a fear, not a documented fact.
World firsts
First human to control a computer by thought via Neuralink
In January 2024 Neuralink implanted its device in a human for the first time; the participant has since controlled a cursor, played chess and games using only neural signals.
Comparisons
Key people
Sources